In his logical papers, Leo Esakia studied corresponding ordered topological spaces and order-preserving mappings. Similar spaces and mappings appear in many other application areas such the analysis of causality in space-time. It is known that under reasonable conditions, both the topology and the original order relation ≤ can be uniquely reconstructed if we know the interior < of the order rel...

In this paper we argue for a weak form of causality in terms of a dependence relation involving actions, atoms and formulae in order to deal with the frame and ramification problems. This relation allows the atoms to change their value without forcing or causing it. Once integrated in the framework of the Logic of Actions and Plans LAP, it gives us a simple and powerful formalism to reasoning a...

This study examines the impact of government expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria using time series data spanning from 1980-2020. Variables used includes real gdp, final consumption and population rate. Augmented Dickey Fuller Philips-Perron unit root test for stationary variable, Johansen Co integration, Vector Error Correction Granger Causality tests were estimated. co integration result...

t his paper investigates the existence of possible spillover effects among four main asset markets namely foreign exchange, stock, gold, and housing markets in iran from 2002:03 to 2015:06. for this purpose, we have exploited sigma-point kalman filter (spkf) to extract the bubble component of assets prices in the aforementioned markets. then, in order to analyze the price bubbles spillover amon...

this paper investigates the relationship between inflation and inflation uncertainty for the period of 1990-2009 by using monthly data in the iranian economy. the results of a two-step procedure such as granger causality test which uses generated variables from the first stage as regressors in the second stage, suggests a positive relation between the mean and the variance of inflation. however...