In a chance constrained program (CCP), decision makers seek the best whose probability of violating uncertainty constraints is within prespecified risk level. As CCP often nonconvex and difficult to solve optimality, much effort has been devoted developing convex inner approximations for CCP, among which conditional value-at-risk ([Formula: see text]) known be more than decade. This paper studi...

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists and agonists on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex in rats. The muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in PPI without affecting startle amplitude. In contrast, N-methyl scopolamine, the quaternary a...