The industry has rapidly growth and energy supply technology advanced are become main factor which to contribute of the harmonic losses. This problem is one aspect that may affect the capability of the transmission line and also to the efficiency of electricity. This paper proposes a new scheme to allocate the cost pertaining to transmission loss due to harmonics. The proposed method, called as...

b a ckground: babesiosis is a haemoparasitic disease of domestic and wild animals caused by species of the genus bab esia . bab esia bigemina , b . bovis and b . divergens are known to be pathogenic in cattle. the disease is transmit- ted during blood feeding by infected ticks and is the most economically important tick-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. ixodid ticks are vectors i...

OBJECTIVES The relative importance of airborne, droplet and contact transmission of influenza A virus and the efficiency of control measures depends among other factors on the inactivation of viruses in different environmental media. METHODS We systematically review available information on the environmental inactivation of influenza A viruses and employ information on infectious dose and res...

Parental effects are ubiquitous in nature and in many organisms play a particularly critical role in the transfer of symbionts across generations; however, their influence and relative importance in the marine environment has rarely been considered. Coral reefs are biologically diverse and productive marine ecosystems, whose success is framed by symbiosis between reef-building corals and unicel...

Motivated by the desire to assess nonpharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza, we seek in this study to quantify the routes of transmission for this disease. We construct a mathematical model of aerosol (i.e., droplet-nuclei) and contact transmission of influenza within a household containing one infected. An analysis of this model in conjunction with influenza and rhinovirus data su...

a biopsy diagnosed patient with creut7,{eldt-jacob diseaseis reportedin. iran. this 53~year-old hunte'r,esented  n may 1994 to mehr hospital with typica clinical manifestations of creunfeldi-jacob disease and died 4 months later. brain biopsy revealed severe neuronal loss, spongiosis and gliosis oj cerebral cortex. e;xposureofthis hunter to the brain tissue ofanimals may explain the route of tr...

canine ehrlichiosis has emerged as one of the most clinically important tick-borne diseases affecting dogs. eighty-five naturally infected dogs have been investigated, the most consistent clinical signs recorded were fever, emaciation and lymphoadenopathy, anemia, monocytosis, thrompocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, elevation in liver enzymes and total bilirubin were the most remarkable changes asso...

Habitat quality plays an important role in the dynamics and stability of wildlife metapopulations. However, the benefits of high-quality habitat may be modulated by the presence of an environmentally persistent pathogen. In some cases, the presence of environmental pathogen reservoirs on high-quality habitat may lead to the creation of ecological traps, wherein host individuals preferentially c...

For decades, scientists thought that all of the missing secrets of brain function resided in neurons. However, a wave of new findings indicates that glial cells, formerly considered mere supporters and subordinate to neurons, participate actively in synaptic integration and processing of information in the brain.