Economic evaluation has become an integral component of health service research in recent years and will no doubt become more influential. As resources are reduced in health services, more questions are likely to be asked on the costs and benefits of new treatments. Questions are also likely to be aimed at treatments that are currently provided. Economics related to health care is complex and n...

An efficient and environmental-friendly synthetic route to 1,8-dioxodecahydroacridines derivatives have been developed via multi-component one-pot Hantzsch reaction of various aldehydes and ammonium acetate with 2 equivalents dimedone in the presence of Phosphorus pentoxide supported on aluminaas catalyst under solvent-free conditions. The present approach offersseveral advantages such as short...

With the rising importance of China’s role in the world economy, the Chinese economic fluctuation has become a more and more significant factor that influences the world economy. Therefore, it is an interesting issue for all circles as well as academicians that whether the real economic interconnection leads to volatility spillover between China’s and international stock markets. In this paper,...

Measure errors in economic data are pervasive and nontrivial in size. The presence of measurement errors causes biased and inconsistent parameter estimates and leads to erroneous conclusions to various degrees in economic analysis. The importance of measurement errors in analyzing the empirical implications of economic theories is highlighted in Milton Friedman’s seminal book on the consumption...

Background Visual acuity, like many other health-related problems, does not have an equal distribution in terms of socio-economic factors. We conducted this study to estimate and decompose economic inequality in presenting visual acuity using two methods and to compare their results in a population aged 40-64 years in Shahroud, Iran.   Methods: The data of 5188 participants in the first phase o...

The combination of theoretical network approach with recently available abundant economic data leads to the development of novel analytic and computational tools for modeling and forecasting key economic indicators. The main idea of this study is to introduce a topological component into economic analysis, consistently taking into account higher-order interactions in the economic network. We pr...

The variance of demand can be divided into two components, a systematic risk component that occurs due to economic factors, and an idiosyncratic noise component. Operational hedging addresses the total variance of demand, whereas financial hedging is useful against systematic risk. We investigate the systematic risk component of demand uncertainty using industry-level data for the manufacturing...

economic policies need to be analyzed within consistent and coherent framework. in the absence of an operational framework the policy analyst is confronted with an indeterminate model to work with. this paper intends to offer a specific framework for economic-environment integration to highlight the role of economic policy and environment in sustainable development for the purpose of empiri...

Economic and environmentally friendly bio-mimetic one-pot three and four-component Knoevenagel-hydrogenation (K-H), five-component Knoevenagel-hydrogenation-alkylation (K-H-A) and six-component Knoevenagel-hydrogenation-alkylation-Huisgen cycloaddition (K-H-A-HC) reactions of aldehydes, CH-acids, o-phenylenediamine, alkyl halides and azides using proline, proline-metal carbonate and proline-met...