1. introduction by the passage of the industrial revolution and entrance to the post-industrial era, the change and variety in the functions of capitalistic powers, ict revolution, and the speeding up of globalization after the 1960s have brought about renewal of the operational, spatial, and managerial structures of cities. in line with the mentioned changes, the structural changes resulted fr...

With urban population increasing dramatically worldwide, cities are playing an increasingly critical role in human societies and the sustainability of the planet. An obstacle to effective policy is the lack of meaningful urban metrics based on a quantitative understanding of cities. Typically, linear per capita indicators are used to characterize and rank cities. However, these implicitly ignor...

background : we need a defined population for determining prevalence and incidence of diseases, as well as conducting interventional, cohort and longitudinal studies, calculating correct and timely public health indicators, assessing actual health needs of community, performing educational programs and interventions to promote healthy lifestyle, and enhancing quality of primary health services....

background: helicobacter pylori ( h. pylori ) is a global pathogen with a widely varied prevalence (30%-80%) among different countries and populations. this study aims to determine the prevalence of h. pylori in the population of arak, iran. materials and methods: this was an epidemiologic cross-sectional population-based study with multistage sampling. the population of arak according to the 2...

Economic valuation of water is useful in the administration and management of water. Population growth and urbanization caused municipal water demand increase in Iran. Limited water resource supply and urban water network capacity raised complexity in water resources management. Present condition suggests using economic value of water as a criterion for allocating policies and feasibility study...