This book is intended as an introduction to a new way of looking at knowledge as a shared resource, a complex ecosystem that is a commons—a resource shared by a group of people that is subject to social dilemmas. The traditional study of knowledge is subdivided into epistemic areas of interests. Law professors argue the legal aspects of knowledge in regard to intellectual property rights. Econo...

The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the effect of Intellectual Capital (IC) and its components on financial performance of Iranian banks accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). The financial performances were measured by return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), assets turnover (ATO), and book to market ratio (MB). This research covers 14 banks listed in TSE over the peri...

In the synthesis of zeolites and related crystalline materials with open-frameworks, a single structure is obtained in the presence of many different templates, known as the "one-structure/multiple-templates" phenomenon. However, the reasons behind this phenomenon have yet to be elucidated. By analyzing the possible starting point of crystallization in several "one-structure/multiple-templates"...

intellectual capital is set of knowledge-based assets that belongs to an organization and will add value to key organizational stakeholders and this leads to a better competitive situation. the objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between intellectual capital and companies' performance in iran during 1382-1387 using lisrel software. earning per share, return on equ...

social learning and knowledge generation are two key factors to achieve successful natural resources co-management. social learning can be beneficial by broadcasting and transmitting experiences and problem solving ideas in a group of people. social learning networks can transmit knowledge and experiences from one node to another in the network. social learning can produce a suitable learning a...

starting his intellectual life as a precociously young medical practitioner, quṭb al-dīn shīrāzī (634-710 a.h.) was compelled to wander far and wide in his quest for knowledge. recognized and admired as a savant, and enjoying the patronage of key political figures of his era, shīrāzī's activities as a scholar continued even during his appointment as judge in rūm, and while serving as ambas...

We study …rms’preferences towards intellectual property rights (IPR) regimes in a North-South context, using a simple duopoly model where a ’North’ and a ’South’ …rm compete in a third market. Unlike other contributions in this …eld, we explicitly introduce the South’s capability to undertake cost-reducing R&D, but maintain the South’s inferiority in utilizing and managing its R&D. In contrast ...