Porunar, Pulavar, Panar, Koudhar, Patini, Varaviyar are known as Iravalars (beggers). They called because they earn their living by singing. In songs, praise the rich people and gift, get gifts, money so on. The also go in search of Iravalars, love to hear songs them. Sangha literary texts speaks abundantly extensively about how income singing others.

This paper examines the correlates of poverty transitions and consumption per capita, using a new longitudinal data set from Bangladesh. It first examines the determinants of poverty transition categories (chronic poor, never poor, falling into poverty, moving out of poverty) as a function of household characteristics in the original survey round and shocks experienced by the household, control...

the aim of this research is to analyze the environmental principals which are used for land use planning of iranian communities in order to determine whether they are sufficient and efficient for conserving and improving the quality of urban environments or not. first, the environmental principals were extracted from municipal local plans (community plans) of the spatial planning systems of ira...

OBJECTIVE This article is the first in a series of international case studies developed by the American Cancer Society to illustrate use of publicly available surveillance data for regional tobacco control. DESIGN A descriptive analysis of Brazil and Paraguay cigarette production and trade data from official sources. METHODS Per capita cigarette consumption for Brazil and its neighbour was ...