Injection is one of the most common medical procedures in the health sector. Annually up to 16 billion injections are prescribed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many of them are not necessary for the patients, increase the healthcare costs and may result in side effects. Currently over 40% of outpatient prescriptions in Iran contain at least one injectable medicine. To address the ...

OBJECTIVES To estimate the 3-month direct and indirect costs associated with osteoporotic fractures from both the hospital's and patient's perspectives in Singapore and to compare the cost between acute and prevalent osteoporotic fractures. METHODS Resource use and expenditure data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and at a 3-month follow-up between July...

This study examined relationships between state policy requirements governing outpatient substance abuse treatment services and reported outpatient treatment program practices. State policies effective as of February 1, 2003, and February 1, 2004, were collected and analyzed via primary legal research; data were validated by state officials (88% response rate; >90% validation rate). Treatment p...