Online advertisers face substantial difficulty in selecting and supervising small advertising partners: Fraud can be well-hidden, and limited reputation systems reduce accountability. But partners are not paid until after their work is complete, and advertisers can extend this delay both to improve detection of improper partner practices and to punish partners who turn out to be rule-breakers. ...

This paper investigates the optimal replenishment policy under conditions of permissible delay in payments within the economic production quantity (EPQ) framework. In 1985, Goyal assumed that: (1) The unit selling price and the unit purchasing price are equal. (2) The replenishment rate is infinite. (3) At the end of the credit period, the account is settled. The retailer starts paying for high...

Informal payments for health care are a growing concern in Albania and other transitional economy countries. Recent international studies have shown that informal payments can have negative effects on health care access, equity and health status by causing people to forgo or delay seeking care, or sell assets to pay for care. Many countries are putting in place reforms meant to reduce informal ...

Previous ordering cost reduction vendor–buyer inventory models with backorder price discount usually assumed that the buyer must pay to the vendor for the ordered items as soon as the items are received, the received quantity is same as the ordered quantity and the transportation cost is independent of the shipment lot-size. In practice, however, the vendor is willing to offer the buyer a certa...

In today's competitive business situation, the supplier frequently offers his or her retailers a permissible delay period to stimulate sales. addition, capacity of any warehouse is limited in practice; thus, retailer needs an additional rented store excess units when order quantity exceeds own warehouse. Furthermore, with globalization marketing policy, may provide discounted price if purchase ...

Introduction Informal patient payments for healthcare are common in the Western Balkans, negatively affecting public health and healthcare.   Aim To identify literature from the Western Balkans on what is known about informal patient payments and bought and brought goods, to examine their effects on healthcare and to determine what actions can be taken to tackle these payments.   Methods After ...

informal payments to health care providers have been reported in many african, asian and european countries. this study aimed to investigate different aspects of these payments that are also known as under-the-table payments in iran.this is an in-depth interview-based qualitative study conducted on 12 purposively chosen clinical specialists. the interviewees answered 9 questions including the o...