Background and Objectives: Careers related to body products are targeted toward saving patients from certain death. Such careers serve a necessary and important role. In case of the incidence of any human fault and organizational failure within the irreparable course of body product manufacturing, the negligent person is liable to pay compensation according to the principle of Tasbeeb (causatio...

A patent's claims define the scope of a patent-holder's right to exclude others. Because patent infringement actions often hinge on how a court construes claim terms, the interpretative approach that a court uses has a significant effect on the scope ofpatent rights. This article examines claim construction through the lens of contract law. In theory, the Federal Circuit has explicitly rejected...

This article explores certain international law aspects of the Bhopal disaster, namely the principles and rules of international law establishing international accountability for environmental damage; the criteria for determining the liability of the Union Carbide Company (U. S. A.) for the Bhopal disaster; the criteria for determining compensation; and the international remedies available to t...

examining historical urban fabric of iranian desert cities demonstrates that one of the best response to the natural laws in the establishment of an appropriate built environment for human life, was considered in these settlement principles applied to the establishment of these cities not only did not impose disturbance and damages to the environment but have also granted perfection to matters....

[Although the issue of cumulative offences (concursus delictorum) is well developed in various national criminal justice systems, concursus delictorium is only at the formative stages of its development in international criminal law. Through an examination of the jurisprudence of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Tribunal for Rwanda, this article highlig...

The definition of what is being auctioned should cover all the specifications and incentives that govern the concession, whether they are included in the concession contract or in laws, regulations, or elsewhere. Where concessions are new, concession contracts may run to hundreds of pages and several volumes, as in the case of the Buenos Aires water concession. In France, by contrast, a long tr...