PURPOSE The subretinal fluid of serous retinal detachments contains protein, but little is known about its origin and fate. The authors designed experiments to study the rate and route of albumin movement out of the subretinal space. METHODS Experimental retinal detachments were made in Dutch rabbits by injecting Hanks' balanced salt solution containing serum levels (approximately 30 mg/ml) o...

Disorders of water balance and serum Na ( S Na ) are very common in hospitalized patients [ 1 ] . In health, water balance and plasma osmolality, and thereby S Na , are tightly regulated by the kidney, which makes minute-by-minute adjustments to the composition of urine in order to maintain a near-constant plasma osmolality. The development of hyponatremia or hypernatremia may therefore re fl e...

BACKGROUND Neurological deterioration in acute spontaneous intra cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may depend on hematoma volume, electrolyte imbalances, hydration status and other physiological parameters. Plasma osmolality is a marker of hydration. This study has examined the relationship of plasma osmolality with hematoma volume and clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective obs...

Hyponatremia secondary to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a frequent cause of hypotonicity. Although the differential diagnosis with other causes of hypotonicity such as salt depletion is sometimes challenging, some simple and readily available biologic parameters can be helpful in the diagnosis of SIADH. In SIADH, urea is typically low; this is less s...

There are few reports linking hyponatremia and visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). This is a study of 55 consecutive kala-azar patients and 20 normal individuals as a control group. Hyponatremia and serum hypo-osmolality were detected in 100% of kala-azar patients. High first morning urine osmolality (750.0 ± 52.0 vs. 894.5 ± 30.0mOsm/kg H₂O, p < 0.05), and high 24-hour urine osmolality (426.0 ...

Normative values and confidence intervals for the hydration indices of women do not exist. Also, few publications have precisely described the fluid types and volumes that women consume. This investigation computed seven numerical reference categories for widely used hydration biomarkers (eg, serumandurine osmolality) and the dietary fluid preferences of self-reported healthy, active women. Par...

BACKGROUND: A significant share (18%) of paediatric mortality is caused by diarrheal diseases. Children under the age five are most susceptible to viral diarrhoea. In cases acute watery diarrhoea, racecadotril, an anti-secretory medication, can limit fluid and electrolyte loss from intestine without compromising intestinal motility.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE: To compare number loose stools within first 4...

BACKGROUND Surprisingly little is known about the physiological and perceptual differences of women who consume different volumes of water each day. The purposes of this investigation were to (a) analyze blood osmolality, arginine vasopressin (AVP), and aldosterone; (b) assess the responses of physiological, thirst, and hydration indices; and (c) compare the responses of individuals with high a...

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is caused by the inability of renal collecting duct cells to respond to arginine vasopressin (AVP)/antidiuretic hormone (ADH). We present the case of a 7-year-old boy with a history of excretion of large amounts of dilute urine and polydipsia since infancy. The boy had several vomiting episodes with mild dehydration during the first 3 years of life. There wa...