the taxpayers’ rights must be considered the most important portion of tax laws by tax organization subject to all broad powers and authorities; the thing that has been widely noted in our modern world taking the human and citizenship rights into special consideration by taxation system of developed countries. they also applied various methods to illustrate and execute them in their tax laws. i...

This paper attempts to quantify disparate growth in Hamilton's Central Area. The spatial variation over time of three economic indicators was studied to do this. These indicators were property tax assessments, and multi-family and single-family property sales. The Central Area was divided into four geographic zones so that the indicator change could be associated with different parts of the Are...

This paper presents a first empirical step in filling the gap between physical and economic models, by combining a material flow model and an applied general equilibrium (AGE) model. The goal of this paper is threefold. Firstly, a new methodology is discussed for the integration of material and economic flow models. Secondly, the new methodology is tested for its empirical applicability by simu...

Regional disparities in output per capita and income in China are large and persistent. They have been the subject of considerable concern to policy-makers at the highest level for decades, yet little is known about the effectiveness of various alternative policies which may be used to combat them. In this paper we address this issue by analysing the effectiveness of a range of policies by both...

We study here the effects of future tax and budgetary shocks on present levels of economic activity and real interest rates in a nonmonetary and possibly non-Ricardian economy. The paper first takes up an (unanticipated) temporary tax cut to be effective on a given future date—a delayed “debt bomb.” The sudden prospect of this future-dated shock causes at once a drop in the (unit) value placed ...

this paper aims at comparing tax effort in iran with that of 14 developing countries including jordan, algeria, malaysia, congo, nicaragua, india, sri lanka, paraguay, tunisia, peru, venezuela, philippine, and south africa. a tax ratio model is developed for this purpose. seemingly unrelated regression (sur) method and panel data for 1994-2002 periods are utilized to estimate the model. the res...

Monitoring water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH) is important to track progress, improve accountability, and demonstrate impacts of efforts to improve conditions and services, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Indicator selection methods enable robust monitoring of WaSH projects and conditions. However, selection methods are not always used and there are no commonly-used methods f...