BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury may result in chronic neuropathic pain, which is characterized by spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia, and allodynia. Intrathecal administration of opioids and α2-adrenoceptor agonists produces spinal analgesia by activation of opioidergic and noradrenergic systems. In our study, we have compared the synergistic antiallodynic interaction and side-effects of intrath...

INTRODUCTION Consumption of codeine can lead to positive urine test for morphine in athletes. Morphine is classified as a prohibited doping drug while Codeine is not. Morphine/codeine ratio is used in forensic medicine to distinguish the consumption of codeine from abuse of morphine and other narcotics. CASE PRESENTATION We present an athlete with positive urine test for morphine with a histo...

The distribution of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in various areas of the CNS of the normal monkey has been presented. The central levels and distribution of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were determined after single doses of morphine, during maintenance of physical dependence and following withdrawal from chronic administration of morphine. Small and non-s...

Background and Objectives: Previous studies have shown the antinociceptive effect of morphine in animal models, but the specific anti-pain consequence of the abuse drug in female animals is unclear. The present research showed the morphine antinociception in female Wistar rats using formalin test. Materials and Methods: Subjects were 40 female Wistar rats purchased from Pasteur Institute of Ir...

Caffeine, an adenosine A1, A2A, and A2B receptor antagonist, is frequently used as an adjuvant analgesic in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. In this study, we have examined the effects of novel specific adenosine receptor antagonists in an acute animal model of nociception. Several A2B-selective compounds showed antinociceptive effects in the hot-plate test. In ...

Previously it has been shown in rats that both ketamine and morphine induced analgesia and, at larger doses, catalepsy and loss of the righting reflex, all of which were reversed by naloxone at widely different doses. Tolerance developed rapidly to either ketamine or morphine and there was cross-tolerance from ketamine to morphine. However, morphine potentiated the cataleptic effect of ketamine...

Introduction: Drugs of abuse such as nicotine and morphine used systemically by addicts produce their effects via the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Furthermore, evidence indicates that some behavioral effects of nicotine and morphine are mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Based on these observations, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) ...