River valley segments are adjacent sections of streams and rivers that are relatively homogeneous in hydrology, limnology, channel morphology, riparian dynamics, and biological communities. River valley segments have been advocated as appropriate spatial units for assessing, monitoring, and managing rivers and streams for several reasons; however, methods for delineating these spatial units hav...

evaluation of surface water quality is a complex process undertakingmultiple parameters. converting great amount of parameters into a simpler expressionand enabling easy interpretation of data are the main purposes of water quality indices.the main aim of this study is to plan effective water resources management system forkarun river by combination of ccmewqi and geographic information system ...

The mortality of salmon smolts during their migration out of freshwater and into the ocean has been difficult to measure. In the Columbia River, which has an extensive network of hydroelectric dams, the decline in abundance of adult salmon returning from the ocean since the late 1970s has been ascribed in large measure to the presence of the dams, although the completion of the hydropower syste...

A large, shallow braided river delta sedimentary system developed in the Yanchang Formation during the Triassic in the southwest of the Ordos basin. In this braided delta system, abundant oil and gas resources have been observed, and the area is a hotspot for oil and gas resource exploration. Through extensive field work on outcrops and cores and analyses of geophysical data, it was determined ...

Significant advances have been made towards understanding the dynamics of geomorphic systems through the development of new concepts. In the last two decades, these developments were partly guided by the change in the scale of geomorphic analysis from local (landform) to regional (landscape) scale and partly due to the emergence of new scientific tools and quantitative models. The process-based...

The Clark Fork River ecosystem is not just that water that maps call the Clark Fork River. This ribbon of surface water interacts with ground water, with the local climate, with the landscape through which it passes, and with the tributaries that feed it. These interactions acting over time determine the river's nature or overall condition. As users of the river we tend to be most concerned abo...

Ross River virus, a mosquitoborne alphavirus, causes epidemic polyarthritis in Australia and the Pacific region. We analyzed serum cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor levels in travelers returning to Germany from Australia. Serum samples showed elevated concentrations in the acute phase of the illness and, more pronounced, in the long-lasting convalescent phase.

Ross River virus (RRV) is the most common mosquitoborne disease notified within Australia and is a significant public health issue for NSW. There have been more than 7500 notifications of RRV in NSW over the past 10 years. Peak seasons occurred in 1996–97 (1547 notified cases) and 2005–06 (1268 notified cases), with an average of 683 notifications for the 11 seasons before this.1 The November 2...