An enhanced nonlinear PID (EN-PID) controller that exhibits the improved performance than the conventional linear fixed-gain PID controller is proposed in this paper, by incorporating a sector-bounded nonlinear gain in cascade with a conventional PID control architecture. To achieve the high robustness against noise, two nonlinear tracking differentiators are used to select high-quality differe...

In this paper, the interval type-2 fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative controller (IT2F-PID) is proposed for controlling an inverted pendulum on a cart system with an uncertain model. The proposed controller is designed using a new method of type-reduction that we have proposed, which is called the simplified type-reduction method. The proposed IT2F-PID controller is able to handle the effec...

The application of a self-organizing fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (SOF-PID) controller to a multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) nonlinear revolute-joint robot arm is studied in this paper. The SOF controller is a learning supervisory controller, making small changes to the values of the PID gains while the system is in operation. In effect, the SOF controller replaces an experienced...

Background: The high consanguinity in Middle East increases the risk of genetic diseases, including primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID). Objectives: This study was aimed at determining the rate of positive family history of PID, the overall rate and type of consanguinity, and their effects on delay age during diagnosis of PID. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on...

Screening and early identification of primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) genes is a major challenge for physicians. Many resources have catalogued molecular alterations in known PID genes along with their associated clinical and immunological phenotypes. However, these resources do not assist in identifying candidate PID genes. We have recently developed a platform designated Resource of As...

Several members of the AGCVIII kinase subfamily, which includes PINOID (PID), PID2, and WAVY ROOT GROWTH (WAG) proteins, have previously been shown to phosphorylate PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters and control the auxin flow in plants. PID has been proposed as a key component of the phototropin signaling pathway that induces phototropic responses, although the responses were not significantl...