hospitalization and medical experiences can be confusing and stressful for children, teens and their families. it is very common for young people and their families to have many questions when they are scheduled for surgery or hospitalization. when children are given opportunities to cope successfully with medical experiences, they may see themselves as more capable, more in control, and more r...

background : the liver is a vital organ that plays an important role in the metabolism of nutritional agents, drugs and hormones,synthesis of various proteins, coagulation factors and maintenance of hemostasis between calcium,and phosphorous. biochemical changes in the skeletal system such as osteopenia and pathologic fractures may follow hepatic failure. this researchevaluates metabolic bone c...

  Children are a precious gift from God, and the blessing of a child is a special time in a person's life. All cultures and religious traditions have certain ways of welcoming a newborn child into the community; also, each culture and religion has its own customs and traditions for the birth of a child. During and after the birth of a Muslim child, there are certain rituals the mother and fathe...

Abstract Background and Purposes: Behavioral emotional disorders are the result of a variety of psychological problems during the developmental period, especially early childhood, which lead to antisocial behaviors, dysfunction of academic and social performance at later ages. Interaction patterns of families with children are among the factors affecting the process of development and menta...

background and aim : about one-third of iranian children mortality is caused by injuries from which 36% occur due to road traffic injuries. using child restraint embedded in vehicles can reduce road traffic fatalities by 71% for neonates and 54% for children. based on its effectiveness in reduction of fatality and prevention of injury severity, child restraint usage mandatory law is a priority....

child maltreatment happens in all countries and cultures. children as the vulnerable part of the societies are subject to rage, abuse and maltreatment and need special multidisciplinary attention to get proper protection and care. appropriate legislation, community education, advocacy in media and attention of care givers and children health providers may alter the trend of child abuse in commu...