The adjoint of an ocean general circulation model is used as a tool for investigating the causes of changes in ENSO SST indices. We identify adjoint Kelvin and Rossby waves in the sensitivities to sea level and wind stress at earlier times, which can be traced back for more than a year through western and weak eastern boundary reeections. Depending on the thermocline depth the rst and second ba...

An ocean general circulation model of the tropical Atlantic Ocean is used to study the vertically integrated vorticity equation for the annual mean flow in the Atlantic North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). It is found that the nonlinear terms play an important role in the vorticity budget, in the western part of the basin. Sverdrup balance does not hold in the region of the North Brazil Curr...

Antarctic Intermediate Water is formed at the high mid-latitudes of the Southern Ocean. In many ocean general circulation model simulations with coarse resolution and a z-coordinate, a mid-depth salinity minimum characteristic of this intermediate water is reproduced. However, for the real ocean it remains unclear which are the dominant processes in the formation of this water mass and which ar...

This paper presents a quantitative methodology for evaluating air–sea fluxes related to ENSO from different atmospheric products. A statistical model of the fluxes from each atmospheric product is coupled to an ocean general circulation model (GCM). Four different products are evaluated: reanalyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the European Centre for Medium-...

The instrumental temperature record is of insufficient length to fully express the natural variability of past temperature. High elevation tree-ring widths from Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) are a particularly useful proxy to infer temperatures prior to the instrumental record in that the tree-rings are annually dated and extend for millennia. From ring-width measurements integr...

[1] The extratropical sources of equatorial undercurrent (EUC) water have been identified for an ocean circulation model using Lagrangian trajectory analysis, lt has been found that the EUe waters emenate from a wide range of latitudes in the Pacific basin, with its densest constituent watennass being Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) from 50S, Further analysis of the basin-scale circulation field...

An ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with wetting and drying (WAD) capabilities removes the vertical-wall coastal assumption and allows simultaneous modeling of open-ocean currents and water run-up (and run-down) across movable land–sea boundaries. This paper implements and tests such a WAD scheme for the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) in its most general three-dimensional setting with strati...

abstract in this research, four meteorological set of data including maximum temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation and radiation from echo-g, under a1scenario have been used for climate change detection over south khorasan. echo-g is a general circulation model that currently is used in hamburg university and korea meteorological research institute. in this research climate change ass...