There has been a long controversy as to whether subjectively ‘free’ decisions are determined by brain activity ahead of time. We found that the outcome of a decision can be encoded in brain activity of prefrontal and parietal cortex up to 10 s before it enters awareness. This delay presumably reflects the operation of a network of high-level control areas that begin to prepare an upcoming decis...

Eye contact captures attention and receives prioritized visual processing. Here we asked whether eye contact might be processed outside conscious awareness. Faces with direct and averted gaze were rendered invisible using interocular suppression. In two experiments we found that faces with direct gaze overcame such suppression more rapidly than faces with averted gaze. Control experiments ruled...

Background & Aims of the Study:  One of the most important harmful factors in big cities is noise, and traffic is regarded as the most important source of noise pollution. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of people in Kermanshah, Iran, regarding the potential effects of noise pollution on their health. Materials and Methods: A researc...

In this article the authors provide an overview of the Ecospace reference architecture which constitutes a reusable high-level representation for building Collaborative Work Environments that are interoperable, context-aware and highly personalised. Based on this architecture they have already developed a number of prototypes that at the same time use and validate the proposed design. Here they...

To cover three-dimensional information spaces stationary or spatial Augmented Reality (sAR) systems involve installed projection systems, Head-Upand other displays. Therefore, information presentation techniques for sAR contain three basic problems assigned to the questions which form, which screen position and which physical location the information should have in 3D space. This paper introduc...

Executive Compensation and Investor Clientele Executive compensation has increased dramatically in recent times, but so has trading volume and individual investor access to financial markets. We provide a model where some managers may understate asset values through misleading statements in order to have enough of a cushion to compensate themselves. Owing to a lack of sophistication or näıveté,...

In this paper, I examine the relation between Integrated Reporting (IR) and the composition of a firm’s investor base. I hypothesize and find that firms that practice IR have a more long-term oriented investor base with more dedicated and fewer transient investors. This result is more pronounced for firms with high growth opportunities, not controlled by a family, operating in ‘sin’ industries,...

The paper focuses on the area of context modeling with respect to the specification of context-aware systems supporting ubiquitous applications. The proposed approach, followed within the SIMPLICITY IST project, uses a high-level system ontology to derive context models for system components which consequently are mapped to the system’s physical entities. For the definition of user and device-r...

In this paper, we describe an approach to modelling contextaware systems starting on the knowledge level. We make use of ideas from Activity Theory to structure the general context model and to assess empirical data. We further on describe how the data-driven and the model-driven aspects of our approach are combined into a single knowledge model. We outline the design of an empirical study cond...