the effect of adding sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (ssl) and propylene glycol (pg) (0 - 0.5 g/100g) to emulsifier gel formulation on the crumb and crust characteristics of barbari bread fortified with soy flour in order to optimize these characteristics were evaluated. the obtained results showed that addition of ssl caused an increase in the crumb and crust l* and cell density. the a*, b*, avera...

Sm-Nd isotopic data on Late Archean age metasedimentary rocks from around the Wyoming province yield ENd values at 2.6 Ga from -12.9 to +3.3, which correspond to depleted mantle model ages of 2.7 to 3.8 Ga. These results indicate that crust of a wide variety of ages was exposed and eroding in Late Archean time. The predominance of Middle Archean model ages suggests that continental crust was ex...

The dehydration of the lower crust and the assimilation of crustal materials into ascending magmas are two geologic phenomenon which lead to vertical mass transport and potentially, geochemical stratification of continental crust. LOWER CRUSTAL XENOLITHS, KILBOURNE HOLE This integrated Sr-Nd-Pb isotope study of paragneiss xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole maar, New Mexico, is the first of its kind ...

Estimation of the fast polarization direction of shear seismic waves that deviate from horizontal axis is a valuable approach to investigate the characteristics of the lower crust and uppermost mantle structures. The lattice preferred orientation of crystals, which is generally parallel to the downward or upward flow of the mantle or crust, is an important reason for the occurrence of fast axis...

The magmatic activity (0-16 Ma) in Iceland is linked to a deep mantle plume that has been active for the past 62 My. Icelandic and northeast Atlantic basalts contain variable proportions of two enriched components, interpreted as recycled oceanic crust supplied by the plume, and subcontinental lithospheric mantle derived from the nearby continental margins. A restricted area in southeast Icelan...

Dew formation was investigated in three developmental stages of biological soil crusts (BSC), which were collected along a catena of an inland dune and in the initial substrate. The Penman equation, which was developed for saturated surfaces, was modified for unsaturated surfaces and used for prediction of dewfall rates. The levels of surface saturation required for this approach were predicted...

a r t i c l e i n f o A classical problem in seismic tomography is the trade-off between a discontinuity location and the velocity of the medium. For that reason, crustal tomography and Pn tomography are typically done separately by isolating first-arriving Pg and Pn waves. Although this avoids the contamination of secondary arrivals because of the existence of the Moho, lots of good data are d...

During ODP Leg 111, the drillship JOIDES Resolution returned to DSDP Hole 504B, on the south flank of the Costa Rica Rift. The main objective of Leg 111 was the study of the physical and chemical structure of young oceanic crust in the deepest hole yet drilled into the oceanic crust. In addition to the drilling of an additional 212.3 m into the massive units of Layer 2C, Leg 111 provided the op...

Introduction: There is abundant geomorphic evidence for the importance of groundwater in the Martian hydrologic cycle. It appears likely that the valley networks formed as a result of groundwater sapping [1], and it is clear that the outflow channels are the manifestation of large-scale eruptions of groundwater to the surface [2]. Thus, our understanding of the formation of these features is on...