BACKGROUND Benzathine penicillin G (BPG) is the only recommended treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of syphilis. Due to recent reports of country-level shortages of BPG, an evaluation was undertaken to quantify countries that have experienced shortages in the past 2 years and to describe factors contributing to these shortages. METHODS AND FINDINGS Country-level data about BPG ...

In this paper, a new model of capacitated lot sizing and scheduling in a permutation flow shop is developed. In this model demand can be totally backlogged. Setups can be carryover and are sequence-dependent. It is well-known from literatures that capacitated lot sizing problem in permutation flow shop systems are NP-hard. This means the model is solved in polynomial time and metaheuristics alg...

In many inventory control contexts, inventory levels are only partially (i.e., not fully) observed. This may be due to non-observation of demand, spoilage, misplacement, or theft of inventory. We study a discrete-time periodic-review inventory system where the unmet demand is backordered. When inventory level is nonnegative, the inventory manager does not know the exact inventory level. Otherwi...

The present article elaborates a multi-product economic inventory model in which multiple items are considered with demand, depends on time, abides power law, shortages, and complete backordering. rate of production is greater than the demand for each item. This type pattern accessible to various kinds practical problems modern era. In this paper, assumed be directly proportional demand. real s...

In this paper, the traditional inventory lot-size model is extended to allow not only for general partial backlogging rate but also for inflation. The assumptions of equal cycle length and constant shortage length imposed in the model developed by Moon et al. [Moon, I., Giri, B.C., Ko, B., 2005. Economic order quantity models for ameliorating/deteriorating items under inflation and time discoun...

This paper deals with the two-warehouse partial backlogging inventory problems under inflation for a deteriorating product with a constant demand rate over an infinite horizon. In contrast to the traditional model in which each replenishment cycle starts with an instant replenishment and ends with shortages, an alternative model is proposed in recent literature in which each cycle starts with s...

Even as concerns about nursing shortages continue nationwide and for individual states in the United States, there is little information on the impact of nursing shortages at substate levels, such as counties or groups of small counties. National and state level assessments can mask wide geographic variation in the distribution of registered nurses (RNs). The Center for Health Workforce Studies...

This paper develops a pricing and inventory model of a supply chain composing one supplier and two manufacturers in which the supplier sells its product to two competing manufacturers. Each manufacturer faces a deterministic demand that depends on his/her own and the other competitor sale price. Selling price for the supplier is time dependent and increment function.Both amelioration and deteri...