i am going to assess shortcomings of transaction cost economics (tce) of oliver williamson. my argument is that this analysis suffers from misidentification of the relevant problem of the theory, analytical incoherence, inconsistent empirical support and methodological defects. in formulating coase's fundamental idea, williamson accepts an efficient equilibrium which occurs once forever, t...

today, a way of gaining constant and dynamic development is reforming of the ownerships structure, from governmental ownership to privatization ownership. so this policy in many countries, especially in developing countries, as a strategic policy has been used. compilation and performing principle 44, s policies of iran islamic republic law constitution which parliament has confirmed. one of th...

1. 1. 1. 1. General introduction General introduction General introduction General introduction Since the late 1990s, a series of papers published in leading economics and finance journals contain evidence for a significant impact of institutions on financial and economic development (e. this literature, high-quality institutions cause financial development. In turn, financial development is a ...

Scientists call pasture a natural eco-system and range is an agricultural eco-system. In this point of view although pasture that was full of plants growing by itself and not growing by human being (Pirdashti, 2007; Mohgadam, 2005) and two groups of living beings such as human being, plants, domesticated, and not living being like weather, Wind, gradient which are effective in making of pasture...

old and modern orators have applied poetic formats to express their concerns in a beautiful manner since the music and rhythm of poetry makes the content more effective.the phenomenon of poetry is not exclusive to any special civilization but rather exists in all nations.bedouins have an innate interest in poetry due to the environment of the desert which is very imaginative.the present article...

In this article, an important point of view is that the Norwegian and Swedish Pension reforms differ from each other in certain aspects. This is contrary to a historical tradition that can be traced back to the end of World War Two, where Norway for decades more or less blueprinted Swedish social policy solutions. The main driving force behind the reforms is, however, the same in both countries...

Background Learning outcomes are considered positive indicators towards future economic social and cultural opportunities of a number of countries (Woessmann 2004). Therefore, over the last decades, studies facing inequality issues in educational outcomes using cognitive achievement tests and variables from large-scale assessment data have increased. From a methodological point of view, the tra...