The present paper aimed to study and compare some psychological skills of elite and non-elite volleyball players in the City of Urmia. Statistical population included all volleyball players of Urmia in the premier league and youth competitions, among of whom 60 male athletes with an average age, weight, and height of 24±1.68, 78±2.86, and 188±2.53, respectively, were selected by non-random and ...

Background: Iron deficiency (ID) is a very common condition and the most common nutritional deficiency in the world. ID mostly affects females, both athletes and non-athletes. Several underlying mechanisms are identified, such as insufficient dietary intake and losses by menses. In the athlete group different additional mechanisms are discussed including the existence of “sports anaemia” and in...

background: maximal volume oxygen is an accepted standard for measuring cardiorespiratory readiness. this factor indicates the power of physiological adoption for increasing activity time and efficiency of cardiovascular system. the objective of this study was to find out an optimal correlation between maximal volume oxygen and maximal voluntary ventilation indicators and their effect on cardio...

The aim of this research was to study the effect of warm up with two different type intensity on plasma antioxidant enzymes and damage indices of lipid, protein and DNA after intensive activity in non-athlete males. 12 non athlete students of kharazmi University participated in this study. Firist, subjects VO2peak were measured by Gas analyzer (Meta Max 3B) on the ergometer cycle with increment...

A fundamental question in human brain plasticity is how sensory, motor, and cognitive functions adapt in the process of skill acquisition extended over a period of many years. Recently, there has emerged a growing interest in cognitive neuroscience on studying the functional and structural differences in the brains of elite athletes. Elite performance in sports, music, or the arts, allows us to...

BACKGROUND Many researchers have considered the impact of physical exercise on perceptual-cognitive performance. There have also been a substantial number of studies that have examined how perceptual-cognitive skills differ between elite athletes and non-athletes. However, the knowledge on how physical exercise interacts with perceptual-cognitive skill is limited. This systematic review aims to...

In light of the World Anti Doping Agency's 2013 Code Revision process, we critically explore the applicability of two of three criteria used to determine whether a method or substance should be considered for their Prohibited List, namely its (potential) performance enhancing effects and its (potential) risk to the health of the athlete. To do so, we compare two communities of human guinea pigs...