The increasing diversity and heterogeneity of molecular data for phylogeny estimation has led to development of complex models and model-based estimators. Here, we propose a penalized likelihood (PL) framework in which the levels of complexity in the underlying model can be smoothly controlled. We demonstrate the PL framework for a four-taxon tree case and investigate its properties. The PL fra...

This article addresses the impact that colored noise, temporal filtering, and temporal detrending have on the fMRI analysis situation. Specifically, it is shown why the detection of event-related designs benefit more from pre-whitening than blocked designs in a colored noise structure. Both theoretical and empirical results are provided. Furthermore, a novel exploratory method for producing dri...

Biofouling is generally undesirable for many applications. An overview of the medical, marine and industrial fields susceptible to fouling is presented. Two types of fouling include biofouling from organism colonization and inorganic fouling from non-living particles. Nature offers many solutions to control fouling through various physical and chemical control mechanisms. Examples include low d...

1 Overton E. Studien über die Narkose zugleich ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Pharmakologie. Jena, Germany: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1901 2 Thunberg T. Ernest Overton. Skandinavisches Archiv Für Physiologie 1934; 70: 1–9 3 Overton CE. Beobachtungen und Versuche über das Auftreten von rothem Zellsaft bei Pflanzen. Jahrb Fuer Wissenschaftliche Botanik 1899; 33: 171–233 4 Overton CE. On the reducti...

Icebergs affect local biological production around Antarctica. We used an ocean glider to observe the effects of a large iceberg that was advected by the Antarctic Slope Current along the continental slope in the northwestern Weddell Sea in early 2012. The high-resolution glider data reveal a pronounced effect of the iceberg on ocean properties, with oxygen concentrations of (13 ± 4) μmol kg−1 ...

Ernest Everett Just [5] was an early twentieth century American experimental embryologist involved in research at the Marine Biological Laboratory [6] (MBL) at Woods Hole [7], Massachusetts, and the Stazione Zoologica [8] in Naples, Italy. Just was known for simple but elegant experiments that supported the ?fertilizing? theory of Frank R. Lillie and served as an antagonist to Jacques Loeb?s wo...

Studies of iceberg detection in the Franz Josef land region have been performed by use of optical images in combination with and Synthetic Aperture Radar images during April 2006. Alternating Polarization (AP) images (HHand VV-pol) from ASAR and RADARSAT ScanSAR Narrow images were tested against Landsat images for identification of 15 icebergs of size between 50 and 400 m. The three types of SA...