One of the most important aspects of vulnerability of the Iran economy can be observed in depreciation of real exchange rate during the oil booms. This phenomenon is called "Dutch disease". In other words when a country starts exporting natural resources, the ensuing capital inflows lead to an increase in demand. The real exchange rate (RER) typically appreciates due to “spending effect” as the...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

Religious tourism  is very important either in Iran and in the international level. In this study dynamic linear almost ideal demand system and formulas of price and income elasticity were applied to estimate demand for religious trips. To this end, micro data of household budget prepared by Census center of Iran for 1991-2011 has been applied in this study. According to the results, inco...

cement is an essential ingredient in the concrete buildings. for production of cement considerable amount of fossil fuel and electrical energy is consumed. on the other hand for generating one tone of portland cement, nearly one ton of carbon dioxide is released. it shows that 7 percent of the total released carbon dioxide in the world relates to the cement industry. considering ecological issu...

In the literature on energy economics, estimating and analyzing price elasticities of energy demand is one of the important issues in examining the effectiveness of pricing modalities for energy conservatin and environmental policy follow-up. In this regard, low price elasticities of energy demand will increase the need for non-price policies to change consumer behavior and stimulate energy sav...

Natural gas has an advantageous position compared to other energy carriers in policy making of energy consumption due to its many advantages, especially in terms of environmental indicators. In Iran, the industrial sector is considered as one of the important sectors of natural gas consumption. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between natural gas prices and indu...