BACKGROUND Retinoic acid (RA) is present in the chick limb bud, and excess RA induces limb duplications. Here, we have investigated the role of endogenous RA during chick limb development by preventing the synthesis of RA and testing the effect on various genes expressed during limb initiation and outgrowth. RESULTS We demonstrate that the stage 20/21 limb bud synthesizes didehydroretinoic ac...

Functional reorganization of the somatosensory system was widely observed in phantom limb pain patients. Whereas some studies demonstrated that the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of the amputated limb was engaged with the regions around it, others showed that phantom limb pain was associated with preserved structure and functional organization in the former brain region. However, according t...

An unusual origin of the common interosseous artery is reported in the paper. During educational dissection of a 37-year-old male, a rare variation in the origin of common interosseous artery of the right upper limb was observed. The common interosseous artery directly separated from radial artery. The right anterior interosseous artery is continued from common interosseous artery. Anterior and...

Upper limb fractures are prevalent injuries. An essential element of fracture healing is to maintain the bones alignment. However there are lots of complications associated with traditional ways of treatment, such as compartment syndrome and stiffness due to immobility for long time. Also evaluation and observation of the limb under the casts for potential infections and skin issues are n...

The effect of tamoxifen citrate on bone mass in immobilization osteoporosis was studied in 10 dogs.Osteoporosis was induced by fiberglass cast immobilization of the right hind-limb for 28 days, while the lefthind-limb served as a non-immobilized control. Five dogs received tamoxifen citrate (1.5 mg/kg per os) once daily for 28 days; five dogs received no treatment. All dogs were euthanized on d...

Experiments have been done to determine the time in the development of the embryonic chick limb when the cells in the cartilage-forming area become "stabilized." The particular criterion for stability used in this work was the ability of the cells to resist the infiuences in the limb which cause some limb mesenchyme cells to form cartilage and other limb mesenchyme cells to form soft tissue. Bl...

Salamander limb regeneration is dependent upon tissue interactions that are local to the amputation site. Communication among limb epidermis, peripheral nerves, and mesenchyme coordinate cell migration, cell proliferation, and tissue patterning to generate a blastema, which will form missing limb structures. An outstanding question is how cross-talk between these tissues gives rise to the regen...

OBJECTIVES 1) To study if limb length explains variability in appendicular and total muscle mass better than height and 2) if muscle mass adjusted for limb length rather than height correlates better with grip and knee extension strength. METHODS 400 healthy women aged 20-40 were recruited as a reference population. Body composition, limb length, grip strength and knee extension strength were...

OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of sliding humeral osteotomy (SHO) on frontal plane thoracic limb alignment in standing and recumbent limb positions. STUDY DESIGN Canine cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION Canine thoracic limbs (n=15 limb pairs). METHODS Limbs acquired from healthy Labrador Retrievers euthanatized for reasons unrelated to this study were mounted in a limb press and align...