BACKGROUND To validate the Persian version of the simple shoulder test in patients with shoulder joint problems. METHODS Following Beaton`s guideline, translation and back translation was conducted. We reached to a consensus on the Persian version of SST. To test the face validity in a pilot study, the Persian SST was administered to 20 individuals with shoulder joint conditions. We enrolled ...

Development of robust spoken language technology ideally relies on the availability of large amounts of data preferably in the target domain and language. However, more often than not, speech developers need to cope with very little or no data, typically obtained from a different target domain. This paper focuses on developing techniques towards addressing this challenge. Specifically we consid...

“resistance literature” is a new term in iranian literature with subject of their islamic revolution and their sacred defense (related to the war iraq imposed iran from 1980 up to 1988). there are many poets who have being worked in this field and their names are listed in relevant books and encyclopedias. this article is to prove that the late farshidvard was one of the pioneer activists again...

background: iraq fought three wars in three consecutive decades, iran-iraq war (1980-1988), persian gulf war in 1991, and the iraq’s war in 2003. in the nineties of the last century and up to the present time, there have been anecdotal reports of increase in cancer in ninawa as in all provinces of iraq, possibly as a result of exposure to depleted uranium used by american troops in the last t...

Iraq has used extensively chemical warfare agents in recent Iran-Iraq conflict (1980-1988) and it is believed about 450,000 people were exposed to this agents. Long-term effects of chemical warfare agents, particularly mustard gas, on pulmonary function tests (PFT) (VC, FEV1 , FVC, FEV/FVC, PEF, MEF50%, MEF25%, MEF25-75% , ERC and IC) are estimated during 7.7 [standard deviation (SD)=l.2] years...

BACKGROUND The Oxford Knee Score (OKS) is a short patient-reported outcome instrument that measures pain and physical activity related to knee osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study is to evaluate, construct validity and consistent reliability of the Persian version of the OKS. METHODS The case series consisted of 80 patients who were clinically diagnosed with having knee osteoarthritis. A...

INTRODUCTION In recent years, outcome assessment related to orthopedic surgeries has increasingly focused on patient-reported questionnaires. The Oxford Hip Score (OHS), self-administered questionnaire, is a reliable, valid, and responsive instrument for assessing hip in patients undergoing Arthroplasty. METHODS The study involved 105 adult Persian-speaking patients admitted for primary Total...

There are a lot of learners all around the world, who are studying in the field of English, but not all of them are proficient in any field of English such as (literature-teaching-translation), and especially in the field of translation which requires a considerable knowledge of two languages such as English and Persian. The present article intended to consider the contrastive of English and Pe...

The literature makes clear that foreign policy affects voting, but it does not lead to clear expectations as to how a war will affect voting. Will views about the advisability of the war predominate? Or will the indirect effect through the incumbent’s image be more important? Will a war crowd out other potential issues, particularly domestic ones? This paper addresses these questions through a ...