Plato in Theory of Philosopher-King believes that all of the members of ideal city-state, whether ruler or citizens, will attain happiness if the philosopher is the ruler. But there are paradoxes in the theory and the bases of the happiness are unstable too. In other words, Plato in his theory presents hierarchical dualities (Intelligible/Visible world, Episteme/ Doxa,True/ Untrue Or Shadow, …)...

In Central and Eastern Europe populist regimes are attracting attention as a result of the traumatic legacy communism, subsequent overburdening reforms exhausting systemic transformation, resurgence ever-lurking nationalism, regional conservatism, parochialism cultural chauvinism, and/or an example structural shortcomings young democracies at borders civilization. The subject literature also in...

From the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries, viral contagions, such as Black Death of 1348, disrupted many social, political, and economic parts life, situating idea reality in mass numbers at forefront late medieval early Renaissance minds. Responding anxieties experienced by thousands, literary visual texts from this period emphasized personification an imposing figure common threat. This pape...