S imaging need not be synonymous with or rely on the presence of reflectors in the Earth. Much can be gleaned from the nonreflected wavefield. For example, direct waves map out smooth velocity variations in crosswell seismic tomography, wide-angle refracted waves play a crucial role in full waveform inversion (Hole et al., 2005), and surface waves provide unmatched sensitivity to near-surface s...

In order to synthesize realistic images of scenes that include water surfaces, the rendering of optical effects caused by waves on the water surface, such as caustics and reflection, is necessary. However, rendering caustics is quite complex and time-consuming. In recent years, the performance of graphics hardware has made significant progress. This fact encourages researchers to study the acce...

A monopole or a dipole source in a fluid borehole generates acoustic waves, part of which propagate along the borehole and the other part enter the formation propagating as Por S-waves. The refracted waves propagating along the borehole wall are used to determine Pand S-wave velocities. However, a significant fraction of the seismic energy radiates into the formation. In this laboratory study, ...

We present a solution to the problem of partial reflection and refraction of a polarized paraxial Gaussian beam at the interface between two transparent media. The Fedorov-Imbert transverse shifts of the centers of gravity of the reflected and refracted beams are calculated. Our results differ in the general case from those derived previously by other authors. In particular, they obey general c...

Internal solitary waves (ISWs) near the Dongsha Atoll in northern South China Sea (SCS) can be divided into incident, reflected, and refracted waves. Compared with incident ISWs, reflected ISWs are less likely to appear, but their impact on ecological environment marine activity should not underestimated. In this work, field experiments were performed moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiomet...

The sea wave causes excess resistance which is out of scope of calm water resistance. The total wave force in horizontal plane is divided into “Added Resistance” and “Drift Force”. In this study, based on Gerritsma and Beuckelman[3] hypothesis a computer program has been developed for calculation of added resistance and drift force at various ship speeds and various head...

in this paper, we introduce the notions of product vague graph, balanced product vague graph, irregularity and total irregularity of any irregular vague graphs and some results are presented. also, density and balanced irregular vague graphs are discussed and some of their properties are established. finally we give an application of vague digraphs.