the debate whether esp teachers need to have knowledge of the specialized field they are teaching has been an issue in the literature over the last two decades. the aim of conducting this study was to explore iranian learners’ and instructors’ beliefs and attitudes concerning the role of specialized knowledge in teaching esp classes. a seventeen item questionnaire was administered to 400 esp le...

Government spending on public infrastructure, education and healthcare can provide a positive boost to economic growth, however each financing sources can affect economic growth differently. Which source of finance is less distortionary and boosts growth? In order to answer this question, this paper analyzes the impact of financing sources (oil and tax revenues) on the Iranian economic growth. ...

there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

Today, the role of tax professionals has become an important issue in tax policy due to more complex and ambiguous tax laws. For this reason, the study of the activities of tax professionals is important for two reasons. Firstly, Taxpayers use the services of tax professionals to meet their tax obligations. Secondly, tax professionals, more than taxpayers, experience the issue of tax complexity...

The main source of government revenue in Iran is revenue from crude oil and its products export. In the Sixth Development Plan bill, the government's emphasis on reducing the dependency of the state budget on oil and increasing the tax share to increase the tax revenue sources. The new government's approach to increasing tax revenues is a change in the taxpayers’ willingness to pay taxes in the...

Current situation of Iran Economy which is under increasing sanction can be affected negatively and followed by many consequences for the society through any misleading economic decision from government side.The Iranian tax system includes various types of taxes that are directly and indirectly collected, each of them have its own effects on society and market system. Determining the way of col...

the west of esfahan province, iran, is one of the most important agricultural areas throughout the country due to the climate variability and life-giving water of zayanderood river. rice is one of the major and economic crops in this area. the most important climatic elements in agricultural activities which should be considered include temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and wind. so...