This paper discusses critically the links between trade and competition policies, starting with the empirical literature which suggests that liberal trade policies and tight competition policy are, in a loosely defined sense, substitutes. Next, the underpinnings for the “substitution” hypothesis in a strategic environment, whereby trade liberalization may reduce the incentive to enforce anti-tr...

This paper provides a comprehensive description of intra-industry trade patterns and trends, using data on more than 39 million bilateral trade flows. In 2006, 27 percent of global trade was intra-industry if measured at the finest (5-digit) level of statistical aggregation, and 44 percent if measured at a coarser (3-digit) level of statistical aggregation. The observed steady growth in global ...

this paper focuses on the residential sector demand for electricity, natural gas and petroleum products (kerosene, gas oil and lpg) in iran in the context of a popular locally flexible functional forms - “the almost ideal demand system (aids)”. we pay explicit attention to the theoretical regularity conditions of positivity, monotonicity, and curvature. we treat the curvature property as a main...

Vertical specialization (VS) trade, trade in goods that incorporate imported inputs, has grown rapidly since the 1960s. While the share of trade in inputs has not increased, the types of inputs traded have shifted from raw materials to manufactured parts. I argue that declining trade costs are an important explanation for these facts. I present a three stage vertical specialization trade model,...

in the present time, phenomenon like globalization, regionalism and economic integration are the basic issues which bring many positive consequences to the world economy. regionalism and economic integration are one of the ways that developing countries can adopt to collate the globalization process. to acknowledge their own abilities or, to settle the commercial and economic disputes in their ...

INTRODUCTION Assessing and monitoring the value of assets against what they can purchase in the market is an important component of food security analysis. On its own, the price of an asset is just a number. For example, the price of a goat is currently worth 15,000 CFAF at the Abalak market in Niger. Someone unfamiliar with Abalak would wonder: is this expensive for the local population? Only ...

Over the last three decades, membership in regional trade arrangements has become one of the most important tools of trade diplomacy. Regional agreements bring a lot of benefits for the member countries through reducing barriers and restrictions. Considering the signing of the Interim PTA Agreement between Iran and Eurasia and its effects, this study aimed to investigate the economic effects of...