Digital piracy has become a major issue for the global information goods economy. The threat and the damage caused by piracy are widespread and span the entire range of information goods from music and movies to software. Each year, the industry’s losses to piracy amount to billions of dollars. According to the BSA/IDC 2009 Global Software Piracy Report (BSA/IDC 2009), software piracy caused a ...

late spring chilling in spring is largely the cause for limiting almond production, so finding ways to reduce the loss is a priority in horticultural research. the government in iran established sahand horticultural research station in 1968 to invest in some late flowering almond cultivars, and this resulted in seven new cultivars in 1994, which can survive the late chillings that might occur i...

according to importance of cirrhosis of the liver and the lack of information about the economic burden of the disease, we performed this study to estimate the economic burden of liver cirrhosis in iran in 2011.the cost-of-illness method, based on the human capital theory, has been used. both direct and indirect costs have been estimated using a prevalence approach and bottom-up method. the inp...

Pheromone-baited traps have been widely used in integrated pest management programs, but their economic value for growers has never been reported.  We analyzed the economic benefits of long-term use of traps baited with the citrus fruit borer Gymnandrosoma aurantianum sex pheromone in Central-Southern Brazil. Our analysis show that from 2001 to 2013 citrus growers avoided accumulated pest losse...

OBJECTIVES Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with a higher risk for adverse health outcomes during pregnancy and delivery for both mothers and babies. This study aims to assess the short-term health and economic burden of GDM in China in 2015. DESIGN Using TreeAge Pro, an analytical decision model was built to estimate the incremental costs and quality-of-life loss due to GDM,...

The economic burden resulting from illness, disability, and premature death is of major importance in the allocation of health care resources and in the evaluation of health research and programs. This article updates the 1963 and 1972 studies of the costs of illness. In 1980, the estimated total economic costs of illness were $455 billion: $211 billion for direct costs, $68 billion for morbidi...

Aim To assess spatio-temporal and taxonomic patterns of available information on the costs invasive freshwater bivalves, as well to identify knowledge gaps. Location Global. Time period 1980–2020. Taxon studied Bivalvia. Methods We synthesize published global economic impacts from bivalves using InvaCost database associated R package, explicitly considering reliability estimation methodologies,...