Excessive intake of vitamin A may produce acute or chronic toxicity. Vitamin A can be consumed in foods, fortified products and supplements. We present a case of a young physical culturist man who was referred to our Unit because of chronic liver disease of unknown origin. The patient had a history of increased vitamin A intake from natural source with the addition of high dose of vitamin A sup...

Although population exposure to lead has declined, chronic lead toxicity remains a major public health problem in the United States affecting millions of children and adults. Important gaps exist in knowledge of the pathophysiology of chronic lead intoxication. These gaps have impeded development of control strategies. To close current gaps in knowledge of chronic lead toxicity, we propose an i...

Abstract Background and Objective: Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) has a long history in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Clinical uses, side effects, and toxic effects of many singular and compounds were known to scientists of ITM and articular books on toxicology and detoxification of drugs has been written by scientists, but their measurement tools to evaluate chronic toxicity of...

Antiretroviral therapy has changed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and increased the life expectancy of such patients. More patients are taking antiretroviral drugs (ARTs) for longer periods of time. Zidovudine (ZDV), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor is known to cause mitochondrial toxicity and leads to various side effects including myopathy. Mitochondrial toxicity can...

Depleted uranium (DU) is an important by product in uranium enrichment process. Due toits applications in civilian and also military activity, DU emerged as environmental pollutant.The exposure to DU can occur via external or internal pathways. In external exposure, mainlybeta radiation from the decay products contributes to DU toxicity. Internal exposure to DUis more im...

background and objectives: salvia chloroleuca rech. f. & allen., is an endemic species growing wildly in north east and center parts of iran but there is no information about its safety. to provide information about the safety of the species, we evaluated its acute and sub chronic toxicity in rats. methods: in acute toxicity study, the aqueous methanol (80%) extract at a single dose of 2000...

in iranian folk medicine, especially in west of the country, the aromatic water of rheum ribes has been used for several purposes such as fever reduction.  despite the widespread use of this plant as food or as a medicinal plant, there is still lack of information on its toxicity profile.                                                                in the present study we aimed to evaluate th...

The staggering cost of bringing a drug to market coupled with the extremely high failure rate of prospective compounds in early phase clinical trials due to unexpected human toxicity makes it imperative that more relevant human models be developed to better predict drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity remains especially difficult to predict in both pre-clinical and clinical settings and i...