Quotients and comprehension are fundamental mathematical constructions that can be described via adjunctions in categorical logic. This paper reveals that quotients and comprehension are related to measurement, not only in quantum logic, but also in probabilistic and classical logic. This relation is presented by a long series of examples, some of them easy, and some also highly non-trivial (es...

Survey researchers often administer batteries of questions to measure respondents' abilities, but these batteries are not always designed in keeping with the principles of optimal test construction. This paper illustrates one instance in which following these principles can improve a measurement tool used widely in the social and behavioral sciences: the GSS's vocabulary test called "Wordsum". ...

We point out a simple but hitherto ignored link between the theory of updates and counterfactuals and classical modal logic: update is a classical existential modality, counterfactual is a classical universal modality, and the link between the two (called the Ramsey rule) is simply the link between two inverse accessibility relations of a classical Kripke model. 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n B a c ...

A retinal image can establish the state of human body by simply providing the information about what is happening inside it. Because the AVR status of blood vessels is having good correlation with hypertension, coronary, heart disease and stroke. However they require the accurate extraction of distinct blood vessels and width measurement. The Existing width measurement techniques met with a cha...

astrophysics is becoming now an integral part of general physics. considering the black hole theory ,which is a new and exciting branch of relativistic astrophysics, we see many connections between elementary particle physics and astrophysics. in this article we attempt to explain the development of star physics ,in an easy ,understandable manner. previous knowledge of relativistic theory or cl...

We investigate axiomatizations of Kripke’s [18] theory of truth based on the Strong Kleene evaluation scheme for treating sentences lacking a truth value. Feferman’s axiomatization KF formulated in classical logic is an indirect approach, because it is not sound with respect to Kripke’s semantics in the straightforward sense; only the sentences provably true in KF are valid in Kripke’s partial ...

In this paper we study Classical Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (CIPD) dynamics of pure strategies in a discrete and determinist simulation context. We show that, in some very rare cases, they are not quiet and ordered. We propose a classification of ecological evolutions into categories which represent complex dynamics, such as oscillatory movements. We also show that those simulations are very s...

The Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales are one of the most used measuring instruments for the assessment of psychometric risk for psychosis. The main goal of the present study was to analyze the reliability of the scores and to provide new sources of validity evidence for the brief version of the Magical Ideation Scale (MIS-B) and the Perceptual Aberration Scale (PAS-B). The final sample was comprised...