We conducted preference assessments with 4 typically developing children to identify potential reinforcers and assessed the reinforcing efficacy of those stimuli. Next, we tested two predictions of economic theory: that overall consumption (reinforcers obtained) would decrease as the unit price (response requirement per reinforcer) increased and that the cost and benefit components that defined...

In this paper, we explore the impact of input price variability and correlation in the context of an inventory system with stochastic demand and stochastic input prices. For a general class of such systems, we show that the expected cost function is concave in the input price. From this, it follows that higher input price variability in the sense of the convex order always leads to lower expect...

BACKGROUND In the Netherlands, low cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates might limit the cost-effectiveness of vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV). We examined the effect on cervical cancer incidence and mortality of adding HPV vaccination to the current Dutch cervical cancer screening situation and calculated the cost-effectiveness. METHODS Costs and effects were estim...

We propose and estimate fundamental models for natural gas prices. We compare how well these models, as well as univariate statistical time series models of NG prices and the NYMEX futures price for natural gas, forecast spot gas prices. We find that a univariate time series model that incorporates fundamental variables related to production, storage, weather, and aggregate output performs best...

BACKGROUND To address the impact that out-of-pocket prices may have on medication use, it is vital to understand how the demand for medications may be affected when patients are faced with changes in the price to acquire treatment and how price responsiveness differs across medication classes.  OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of cost-sharing changes on the demand for 8 classes of prescription...

implementation of effective input policies and technology consistent with production structure contributes to the economic use of the production. understanding the price elasticity of input and relationship between inputs in the agricultural sector is helpful in choosing appropriate input policy. in this study we examine the production structure of pistachio in damghan. to achieve the goal, tra...

Introduction: Diabetes, a chronic disorder and requires life-long treatment. Cost of drug treatment is a major hurdle related to medication compliance in Type2 Diabetes Mellitus. Objective: To compare the cost and percentage price variation of single and combination therapy of oral hypoglycaemic agents across the different brands available in the Indian market. Methods: India’s medical research...

BACKGROUND PCSK9 inhibitors (evolocumab and alirocumab) pose a challenge of sustainability because the potential patients are extremely numerous and the budget impact at the drugs' full price would be prohibitive. We have studied the reimbursability of these agents by constructing a series of price-volume simulations that used a model previously employed for sofosbuvir. METHODS Our price-volu...