abstract: the present study is an attempt to find out cultural exophoric references in iranian high-school elt textbooks and touch stone series to compare the frequency of occurrence of such references in these books. the purpose is to find out which of the series of the books under investigation impose a greater referential burden on efl learners as far as their reading comprehension of the ...

Water resources management in the country has been confronted with conflicts over the last years due to increasing demand on one hand and decreasing renewable water per capita on the other hand. The game theory is one of the scientific methods for resolving conflicts in management. The purpose of this study is to investigate and provide a solution to the conflict resolution of downstream part o...

The growth and development of human societies has always been parallel to the production and consumption of energy. Rapid and sustainable development in any country requires establishing a dynamic and stable balance between technical, economic, social and environmental categories while taking into account conditions that do not cause risks or reduce opportunities for progress. Energy and clean ...

The growth and development of human societies has always been parallel to the production and consumption of energy. Rapid and sustainable development in any country requires establishing a dynamic and stable balance between technical, economic, social and environmental categories while taking into account conditions that do not cause risks or reduce opportunities for progress. Energy and clean ...

the current study examined iranian undergraduate efl students’ willingness to communicate with regard to their vocabulary knowledge. in general, participants were somewhat willing to communicate in english. the total mean score of 730 university students’ perception of willing to communicate was 83.53 out of 135. results, regarding four parts of willingness to communicate, revealed that part...

abstract in written mode of language, metadiscourse markers are used commonly to help writers in general and academic writers in particular to produce coherent and professional texts. the purpose of the present study was to compare introduction sections of applied linguistics and physics articles regarding their use of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers based on the model pro...

abstract: sayyed mohammad tabatabaee is accounted as one of the effective persons in iran contemporaneoushistory and his role in the events of iran constitution revolution is inevitable. sayyed mohammad tabatabaee from the time of naser al din shah qajar and arrival to iran, informed of the advantages and the basis of constitution, was in the thought of making the iran rule as a constituti...