In the discussions of trading, unemployment and income distribution inequality, this question is raised by economists that in economic development of developing and developed countries, which policy is necessary in the first stage. Is trading liberalization the pre-requirement of transfer from a close economy to a relative open economy and is it necessary for the developed economy compared to o...

In this paper we try to introduce the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and its application in Economic Dispatch ED). In the step one we present theory and performance of ant colony and its history and its application in various applications and how work the ant colony algorithm. In step two we present ant colony optimization include Basic Concept, Ant Searching Behavior, Path Retracing and Pheromo...

In this chapter we discuss the data sources and methods available for studying the spatial distribution of economic activity in North America. We document facts about the specialization of states and regions, as well as locations differentiated by their degree of urbanization. We also report characteristics of the industries in which locations specialize. For example, establishment size and mat...

Collection of data on economic variables, especially sub-national income levels, is problematic, due to various shortcomings in the data collection process. Additionally, the informal economy is often excluded from official statistics. Nighttime lights satellite imagery and the LandScan population grid provide an alternative means for measuring economic activity. We have developed a model for c...

We present a novel concept for resource management and load distribution in large scale distributed computer networks that is based on market mechanisms in an evolutionary computational service economy. The Dynasty II system implements a market and communication infrastructure along with price nding and scalable brokering mechanisms for regulating and matching supply and demand of the various c...

Three solutions for novel distribution automation implemented in medium voltage networks were developed as a theoretical study. The distribution automation studied included intelligent local automation arrangements also useable for ringtype networks. The profitability of the new technique was evaluated by comparing the costs of the automation investments to the savings obtained in the economic ...

in recent years, the studies of location play a key role in success and stability of economic activities. location studies are under consideration in both national and international levels. meanwhile, identification of goals and methods of solving location problems have significant importance. the purpose of this paper is to examine spatial distribution of economic activities in 14 zones of esf...