Considerable concern has been expressed in recent years about declines in voter participation rates in the United States and in several other major democratic countries. Some feel low participation rates introduce a “class bias” into the political process and thereby worsen the outcomes from it. Little empirical work exists, however, that measures the effects of lower participation on the welfa...

With the considerable cost of disease-related malnutrition to individuals and to society, there is a need for effective, evidence-based ways of preventing and treating this condition. Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) are an evidence based way of managing malnutrition. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses consistently suggest that the use of liquid, multi-nutrient oral supplements in the manag...

Abstract We study a credit-risk model which captures effects of economic interactions on a firm’s default probability. Economic interactions are represented as a functionally defined graph, and the existence of both cooperative and competitive business relations is taken into account. We provide an analytic solution of the model in a limit where the number of business relations of each company ...

This research analyses through the use of instrumental variables estimation whether democracy has an effect on variables belonging to three different categories: fiscal policy, inequality in income distribution and political instability. It shows there is no stable relation between democracy and fiscal policy variables between countries of the sample in the 1978-1988 period. Democracy, on the o...

Interethnic Marriages and their Economic Effects Immigrants who marry outside of their ethnicity tend to have better economic outcomes than those who marry within ethnicity. It is difficult, however, to interpret this relationship because individuals with stronger preferences for ethnic endogamy are likely to differ in unobserved ways from those with weaker preferences. To clarify some of the c...

T he main objective of this study is to estimate the spatial spillover effects of the economic growth among the selected countries of MENA region. For this purpose, the Spatial Durbin Model in the framework of spatial dynamic panel data was estimated during the period of 1970-2010. The spatial Diagnostic tests affirmed the occurrence of spatial positive autocorrelation phenomenon for...

This paper surveys the persian monetary crises due to economic sanctions and speculative attacks that leads to high inflation. Economic sanctions are associated with various forms of trade barriers and restriction on financial transactions. Among the most influential sanctions on Iran's oil export and central bank sanctions are noted that their Aims to reduce Iran's oil revenues and Devaluation...

in this paper, asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuation (according to positive and negative shocks) on real output were investigated. in the meantime, the study of behaviour of real output growth in iran’s economy over the period 1338-1386 was done. in specification of the output growth equation, in spite of considering positive and negative shocks of exchange rate, the effects of other ...