Understandably describe historical and current spinal deformity classifications. Spinal deformities can be divided into three main categories: congenital, idiopathic, secondary deformities. Secondary is by far the largest group. Congenital are generally seen in very early ages may accompanied neural with systemic organ pathologies. Different classification systems based on clinical radiological...

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare condition with an unclear etiology, presenting with the development of aberrant chronic nonspecific fibroinflammatory tissue in the retroperitoneal space, which can result in entrapment and obstruction of the retroperitoneal structures. RPF is a subtype of chronic periaortitis, and can be divided into two types: primary (or idiopathic) and secondary. RPF...

Three patients are reported who developed slow and painless weakness and wasting of the muscles of one shoulder girdle, denervation in the affected muscles, and subsequent complete recovery. In two patients, an area of cutaneous sensory loss in the distribution of the circumflex nerve was detected. No underlying cause was found, and it is suggested that these features represent an unusual chron...

background and objectives: this research study was conducted to determine the correlation between the clinicopathologic features and the outcome of membranous nephropathy. materials and methods: data were retrospectively reviewed from all patients with a diagnosis of membranous nephropathy. demographic, initial laboratory, and clinical findings were collected and the biopsy specimens were revie...

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI), characterized by polyuria and polydipsia, is caused by deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), an antidiuretic hormone which acts on V2 receptors in kidney to promote reabsorption of free water. CDI is classified into three subtypes; idiopathic, secondary and familial. A previous study suggests that infundibulo-neurohypophysitis might be an underlying cause o...

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (WAIHA), a rare disease (0.2-1 per 100,000 population), ranges from an indolent form with mild hemolysis to a life-threatening condition that necessitates transfusion of incompatible red cells. WAIHA can be either idiopathic or secondary to medications or to a lymphoproliferative disorder. We report a case of profound hemolytic anemia in a liver-transplant eligi...