Recent studies have shown that urban complex behaviors like human mobility should be examined by newer and smarter methods. The ubiquitous use of mobile phones and other smart communication devices helps us use a bigger amount of data that can be browsed by the hours of the day, the days of the week, geographic area, meteorological conditions, and so on. In this article, mobile cellular data mi...

Aims: Reducing the city's vulnerability in times of crisis and emergencies is part of the urban design mission. Hence, passive defense measures have been developed to reduce the vulnerability of cities in times of crisis. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting passive defense in the performance of urban spaces in the area of Enghelab Square in Tehran. Methodology: This ...

the primary goal of the current project was to examine the effect of three different treatments, namely, models with explicit instruction, models with implicit instruction, and models alone on differences between the three groups of subjects in the use of the elements of argument structures in terms of toulmins (2003) model (i.e., claim, data, counterargument claim, counterargument data, rebutt...

testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

any change in the refractive index of a laser active medium can lead to serious degradation of beam quality, laser beam modes, laser performance and variation in the intensity distribution. alteration in the refractive index of laser active medium is especially notable in high power lasers. it is clear that in the laser beam production, the pumping agent induces a great amount of heat which...

Linkages in geographical spaces representing a region is not just a functional system which has been formed by various settlements. It rather takes its power from social, economic and physical networks and their interactions which means it is controlled by aforementioned networks. Therefore, there are always rural area and urban area with some relations or linkages. In this regard, relation mos...