1 10.1. INTRODUCTION Over the last decade, a new landscape of economic relations has begun to emerge in the Pacific Basin. In this region as much as anywhere else, the agenda of globalization has advanced, more countries are embracing outward economic orientation and open multilateralism as a means of accelerating domestic economic growth. Most prominent of the later entrants in the regional ar...

in more recent years, it has become increasingly recognized that r&d; (research and development) is a key driver of economic growth, a source of innovation and change, and as such stimulates improvements in productivity and economic competitiveness. it is closely associated with knowledge and flexibility, two factors that have gained new significance as a source of competitiveness in an increas...

The growing economic and political importance of China in the global economy in recent years has been discussed by academic and business economists, trade and investment experts, transnational corporate planners, government advisers and politicians alike worldwide (World Bank, 2005). While the discussions have been useful for global knowledge enhancement, regional and national strategic purpose...

the adaptation of sociological theories to historical subjects, despite the problems it encounters, is something that new historiography should start to do for dynamism and to avoid pure quotation of historical events and it should enjoy the results of other fields studies, especially sociology. in this case, system theory has an important position in appropriate analysis and explanation of his...

The recent global crisis, as a big crash ( Baldwin and Simon , 2009), has reduced foreign demand growth affecting total countries’ exports. Given the importance of foreign trade to nations and the reality that recent crisis has affected international trade we study the effects of the global financial crisis on trade relations between countries by using Ma and Cheng (2003) approach and by appl...

proper opportunity of the city of genoa, its cooperation during the crusades, and the evolution in the terms of trade organization and practices at the same time that mongol empire was establishing, formed a new round of intercontinental trade . the importance of commerce for the mongol continued as a tradition in ilkhanids. genoese commercial presence in eastern ports and the black sea and als...