Defining the T helper functions impaired by programmed death-1 (PD-1) is crucial for understanding its role in defective HIV control and determining the therapeutic potential of targeting this inhibitory pathway. We describe here the relationships among disease stage, levels of PD-1 expression, and reversibility of CD4 T-cell impairment. PD-L1 blockade in vitro enhanced HIV-specific production ...

This paper presents the design methodology for the bilingual pronunciation dictionary of sound reference usage, which reflects the cross-linguistic, dialectal, first language (L1) interfered, biological and allophonic variations. The design methodology features 1) the comprehensive coverage of allophonic variation, 2) concise data entry composed of a balanced distribution of dialects, genders, ...

This research aims to improve the vocabulary knowledge of Thai EFL students by using audio-visual aids as instructional tools. Hopefully, this study serves an initial foundation develop students’ and benefit pedagogical development in Thailand. Consequently, aimed explore effectiveness instruction acquiring knowledge, with a specific focus on form-meaning links primary school students...

We begin by showing that the best publicly available, multiple-L1 learner corpus, the International Corpus of Learner English (Granger et al. 2009), has serious issues when used for the task of native language detection (NLD). The topic biases in the corpus are a confounding factor that result in crossvalidated performance that is misleading, for all the feature types which are traditionally us...

Teaching English in the context of foreign language needs vigorous efforts and strong commitment, especially for non-native English-speaking teachers to maintain professionalism achieve success learning language. Generally, it is believed that a teacher should be model learners by providing great deal input target applying L2 only policy. However, some finally decide use their first (L1) or mix...

The two satellite RNAs associated with CYMV infections were sequenced. The larger (sCYMV-L1) has only linear molecules 1145 nucleotides long, a poly(A) tail, a long open reading frame (ORF) coding for a protein of Mr 39,636 resembling in composition those of other large nepovirus satellite RNAs, a 5' leader sequence of 16 nucleotides and a 3' non-coding region of 40 nucleotides. In vitro transl...

The large subunit of ribosomes in Bacillus subtilis was tagged by generation of a fusion of ribosomal protein L1 to blue fluorescent protein (BFP). The fusion was fully active and localized around the nucleoids, predominantly close to the cell poles, in growing cells. However, in stationary phase cells, and in growing cells treated with rifampicin, L1-BFP was distributed throughout the cells, i...