OBJECTIVES To identify the drug treatments currently available for the management of spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis (MS), and to evaluate their clinical and cost-effectiveness. DATA SOURCES Electronic bibliographic databases, National Research Register, MRC Clinical Trials Register and the US National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Register. REVIEW METHODS Systematic search...

BACKGROUND Intrathecal baclofen has been an effective therapy in the management of spasticity. As interventional pain physicians are rapidly becoming the experts in intrathecal drug delivery, they are now frequently asked to trial and implant intrathecal baclofen therapy. While some physicians might be very comfortable with the process of trialing and implanting, others will have next to no exp...

INTRODUCTION Cerebral palsy is the most common cause of physical disability in children. Spasticity is a disabling clinical symptom that is prevalent among patients suffering from cerebral palsy. The treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) is a well-established option in the interdisciplinary management of spasticity, providing focal reductions in muscle tone in cerebral pal...

Upper limb spasticity (ULS) is a common pathophysiological changes manifest by structural damage towards the central nervous system (CNS) that includes brain and spinal cord. The current clinical practice of assessment utilizes Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) as subjective tool to measure severity spasticity. Lack objective value, poor sensitivity in detecting minimal changes, dependency interpre...

OBJECTIVE To document the frequency, clinical correlates and predictors of symptomatic upper limb spasticity in patients one year or more after stroke. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS A total of 140 patients after stroke attending a rehabilitation clinic. METHODS Assessments of spasticity, upper limb function and self-care ability using the Ashworth Scale (AS), Motor Assessment Sca...