financial derivatives are new instruments through which hedging, investment and arbitrage are done in a modern economy. although the word 'derivative'primarily reminds us of options and futures, the major focus of the equity derivatives industry worldwide is on index derivatives. launching index options and index futures in tehran stock exchange, not only increases financial market de...

We use the basic binomial option pricing method but allow someor all the parameters in the model to be uncertain and model this uncertaintyusing fuzzy numbers. We show that with the fuzzy model we can, with areasonably small number of steps, consider almost all possible future stockprices; whereas the crisp model can consider only n + 1 prices after n steps.

Injection is one of the most common medical procedures in the health sector. Annually up to 16 billion injections are prescribed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), many of them are not necessary for the patients, increase the healthcare costs and may result in side effects. Currently over 40% of outpatient prescriptions in Iran contain at least one injectable medicine. To address the ...