Entorhinal cortex (EC) is one of the first Entorhinal cortex (EC) is one of the first cerebral regions affected in Alzheimer’sdisease (AD). The pathology propagates to neighboring cerebral regions through a prion-likemechanism. In AD, intracellular calcium dyshomeostasis is associated with endoplasmicreticulum (ER) stress. This study was designed to examine hippocampal ER stre...

Definition Learning to avoid aversive outcomes is crucial for survival, and it is ubiquitous in everyday life. This entry focuses on ▶ active avoidance, in which performing a certain behavior prevents an aversive outcome that would otherwise occur. ▶Avoidance learning in that context consists of learning to perform the appropriate behaviors in the appropriate circumstances to prevent aversive o...

In this study, we conducted an empirical survey of the avoidance behaviors and risk perceptions of active and passive smoking pregnant smokers and recent quitters. We employed an online questionnaire survey by recruiting 166 voluntary participants from an online parenting community in Taiwan. The results of the empirical survey revealed that three-fourths of smokers quit smoking during pregnanc...

Introduction: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which patients experience spontaneous recurrent seizures and deficiency in learning and memory. Although the most commonly recommended therapy is drug treatment, some patients do not achieve adequate control of their seizures on existing drugs. New medications with novel mechanisms of action are needed to help those patients whose sei...

objective(s)previous studies have shown that vitamin b as well as folate supplementation has been implicated in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders including alzheimer’s and parkinson's diseases. the aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of folic acid on passive avoidance task and motor coordination in healthy adult male rats.materials and methodsanimals were randomly divi...

conclusions ferulago angulata extract, because of its antioxidant activities, is probably capable of removing free radicals and oxidant substances from brain and thus it can improve behavioral disorders in brain hypoperfusion ischemia model. results it was found that the administration of 400 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of f. angulate for two weeks after brain hypoperfusion ischemia increased ...

Diabetes mellitus is accompanied with disturbances in learning, memory, and cognitive skills in the humans and experimental animals. Due to the anti-diabetic and antioxidant activity of pelargonidin (PG), this research study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chronic oral PG on alleviating learning and memory disturbance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into...

Neuroleptics are widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late complication of prolonged neuroleptic treatment. Despite much research, the pathogenesis of TD remains elusive. It may be caused by loss of dopaminergic cells, due to free radicals as a product of high synaptic dopamine levels. Tardive dyskinesia has b...

Morphine’s effects on learning and memory processes are well known to depend on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Whereas the role of the hippocampus in morphine-induced amnesia and state-dependent learning is established, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are poorly understood. The present study intended to investigate whether administration of morphine ...