In safety-of-life applications of satellite navigation, the Protection Level (PL) equation translates what is known about the pseudorange errors into a reliable limit on the positioning error. The current PL equations for Satellite based augmentation systems are based on Gaussian statistics: all errors are characterized by a zero mean Gaussian distribution which is an upper bound of the true di...

Power plant generators are important components of an electrical energy system. They should be constantly monitored and protected in order to maintain the quality reliability power supply. Otherwise generator may operate incorrectly resulting poor instability during events like faults, equipment failure, reverse flow(RPF) etc., presence large distributed resources is major cause flow low loads/...

Power transformers are key components for electrical energy transfer in a Power system. In order to protect the transformers from these faults different protective methods are adopted. Some of them are differential protection, over excitation Protection, etc. In this Paper Over Voltage protection is established for the protection of the transformer. Microcontroller is used for the Power Transfo...

During the last years the medium voltage world has seen a strong increase in demand of flexibility, simplicity and automation of the distribution networks. The Smart Grids concepts have changed network’s needs and solutions with innovative design are required to satisfy these new demands. The standard IEC61850 is driving the innovation in the energy distribution devices enabling new functionali...