In order to incorporate the effect of gravity waves (GWs) on the atmospheric circulation most global circulation models (GCMs) employ gravity wave parameterization schemes. To date, GW parameterization schemes in GCMs are used without experimental validation of the set of global parameters assumed for the GW launch spectrum. This paper focuses on the Warner and McIntyre GW parameterization sche...

C onservationists must make hard choices about where to invest limited resources for the protection of biological diversity. Numerous prioritization schemes have identified places where biodiversity is especially rich or risks are especially urgent (1). Application of return on investment (ROI) thinking promises to make conservation investments much more efficient by explicitly incorporating ec...

Current snowmelt parameterisation schemes are largely untested in warmer maritime snowfields, where physical snow properties can differ substantially from the more common colder snow environments. Physical properties such as snow density influence the thermal properties of snow layers and are likely to be important for snowmelt rates. Existing methods for incorporating physical snow properties ...