Although runway separation, based on the probability of collision, has been studied for decades, mathematical methods proposed by majority studies cannot handle complex situations, such as operation non-intersecting diverging runways at an airport with multiple runways. By applying a combination method computer simulation and collision calculation, arrival departure window (ADW) separation mult...

Classically, a gauge potential was merely a convenient device for generating a corresponding gauge field. Quantum-mechanically, a gauge potential lays claim to independent status as a further feature of the physical situation. But whether this is a local or a global feature is not made any clearer by the variety of mathematical structures used to represent it. I argue that in the theory of elec...

In his late years, Thomas Kuhn became interested in the process of scientific specialization, which does not seem to possess the destructive element that is characteristic of scientific revolutions. It therefore makes sense to investigate whether and how Kuhn’s insights about specialization are consistent with, and actually fit, his model of scientific progress through revolutions. In this pape...

At the close of the 20th century, fundamental discoveries changed broadly the worlds of physics, biology and medicine. The rapid advancements achieved during recent years, mainly due to revolutionary methodological improvements, have led to an unparalleled explosion of information; often appear to overshadow the earlier works. However as more basic discoveries are made these separate scientific...

Embodiment is made possible by the ability to imagine ourselves in a particular situation (mental simulation). Postural changes have been demonstrated in response to painful situations, but the effect of an implicit instruction has not been studied. The present study was designed to record differential responses according to whether or not subjects were instructed to imagine themselves in a pai...

UNLABELLED The failures of root canal preparation are due to some anatomical deviation (canal in "C" or "S") and some technique errors. The technique errors are usually present in canal root cleansing and shaping stage and are the result of endodontic treatment objectives deviation. OBJECTIVES Our study was made on technique errors while preparing the canal roots with hand ProTaper. METHODO...

The later Wittgenstein advanced a revolutionary but puzzling conception of how philosophy ought to be practised: Philosophical problems are not to be coped with by establishing substantive claims or devising explanations or theories. Instead, philosophical questions ought to be treated ‘like an illness’. Even though this ‘non-cognitivism’ about philosophy has become a focus of debate, the speci...