Literature is the aesthetic manifestation of language. It is ‘as old as human language and as new as tomorrow’s sunrise.’ This paper explores the interrelationships between language and literature from 600 AD to the present day.  The grammar of present-day English is closely related to that of Old English with the same tense formation and word orders. The verse unit is a single line and its org...

the development of materials for language teaching has been retraced from different perspectives. for example, some have identified influences of a social view on designing course books and compiling materials for language classes. the purpose of this article is to focus on the specific case of elt material, its design and priorities in the context of iran. this article also offers a detailed a...