'Reproductive tourism' has been defined as the search for assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and human gametes (eggs, sperm, embryos) across national and international borders. This article conceptualizes reproductive tourism within 'global reproscapes,' which involve the circulation of actors, technologies, money, media, ideas, and human gametes, all moving in complicated manners across...

BACKGROUND Surrogacy is one of the new techniques of assisted reproduction technology in which a woman carries and bears a child for another woman. In Iran, many Shia clerics and jurists considered it permissible so there is no religious prohibition for it. In addition to the risk of physical complications for complete surrogate mothers, the possibility of psychological complications resulted f...

Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the United States has sought to encourage institutional developments in Iraq that would contribute to national reconciliation and mitigate sectarian and insurgent violence. In these reform efforts, including recent “benchmarks,” the Bush administration has drawn on power-sharing and federalist models. The purpose of these efforts is to overcome the political ...

Mastermind game is a two players zero sum game of imperfect information. The first player, called “codemaker”, chooses a secret code and the second player, called “codebreaker”, tries to break the secret code by making as few guesses as possible, exploiting information that is given by the codemaker after each guess. In this paper, we consider the so called Black-Peg variant of Mastermind, wher...

during king abbas i era, dibil khuzāi set out to defend shia thoughts, especially the rightfulness of alavies. he has numerous argumentative poems in favor of the shia thoughts, on imamate and caliphate, and on rejection of the claimants' stances. this article intends to find answer for the following questions. first, what are the bases of dibil's argumentative approach to prove the r...

BACKGROUND American Muslim women are an understudied population; thus, significant knowledge gaps exist related to their most basic health behaviors and indicators. Considering this, we examined American Muslim women's contraception utilization patterns. METHODS Self-reported data collected in late 2015 were analyzed. Women who identified as Muslim, were at least 18 years old, sexually active...

some western scholars of shiite studies believe thatthe chief principle of justice in twelver shia islam or imamiyyah is rooted in mo’tazalediscourse while this principle has its roots in imam ali’s (as) theoretical and practical instructions. justice in imam ali’s view has an epistemological status which initiates from allah’s justice attribute; then it streams in cosmology; and after all it i...