To examine the effect of pathogens on the diversity and structure of plant-associated bacterial communities, we carried out a molecular analysis using citrus and huanglongbing as a host-disease model. 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis of citrus roots revealed shifts in microbial diversity in response to pathogen infection. The clone library of the uninfected root samples has a majority of ph...

While the levels of free auxins in maize (Zea mays L.) roots during arbuscular mycorrhiza formation have been previously described in detail, conjugates of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with amino acids and sugars were neglected. In this study, we have therefore determined free, ester and amide bound auxins in roots of maize inoculated with Glomus intraradices durin...

The Viruses Editorial Office wishes to notify its readers of a correction in [1]. The third paragraph of Section 2.5 should be replaced with the following: “To detect autophagic flux, BSR cells were transfected with pEGFP-LC3, infected with BTV or left untreated as described above for the indicated time. Then the cells were stained with 50 nM LysoTracker Red DND-99 (acidic compartments marker) ...

Several species of Phytophthora cause crown and root rot diseases of herbaceous and woody plants. Crown and root rot of pistachio trees cause significant damages in infected orchards. The effect of foliar application with Elite (fosetyl-Al) in 2 and 2.5 g/l was evaluated in greenhouse experiments. The frequency of mortality, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, height, intensity of crown r...

Interactions between root-knot nematodes and viruses were recently reviewed by Taylor (4). Compared to virus-free cowpea (vigna sinensis Endl.), cowpea mosaic virus-infected plants formed fewer galls on roots in response to infection by Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood (2). On the other hand, tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) infected with tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) and ...

BACKGROUND Failure in surgical endodontics may be caused by many factors. Failure is commonly due to improper preparation for the root-end filling and a lack of seal of the resected root end. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of resected mesiobuccal (MB) root ends of maxillary first molars and to evaluate the location of the canal isthmus and accessory canals between the M...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory property sauerkraut (in presence and absence Lactobacillus casei culture) on Escherichia coli infected Balb -C mice. Fermentation freshly washed, shredded cabbage fulfilled by adding 2% salt prepare ‘sauerkraut control’, whereas ‘inoculated sauerkraut’ prepared salt, sugar 20% culture. After incubation for five days at room temperature,...